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  1. Back of the envelope calculation (37) - Rough calculations done quickly, often using approximations and simple math.
  2. Frequentists vs. Bayesians (38) - Different approaches to statistical inference based on different interpretations of probability.
  3. Hypothesis (39) - A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, typically subject to testing and verification.
  4. Proximate vs Root Cause (40) - Distinguishing between immediate and underlying causes of a problem.
  5. Scientific Method (41) - A systematic approach to inquiry that involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.