- Back of the envelope calculation (37) - Rough calculations done quickly, often using approximations and simple math.
- Frequentists vs. Bayesians (38) - Different approaches to statistical inference based on different interpretations of probability.
- Hypothesis (39) - A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, typically subject to testing and verification.
- Proximate vs Root Cause (40) - Distinguishing between immediate and underlying causes of a problem.
- Scientific Method (41) - A systematic approach to inquiry that involves observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.